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A  RECORD  OF  STUDY 


IN 


ABORIGINAL  AMERICAN  LANGUAGES 


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UNIVERSITY 


BY 


DANIEL   G./BRINTON,  A.M.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Sc.D., 


Professor  of  American  Archeology  and  Linguistics  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania 


PRINTED  FOR  PRIVATE  DISTRIBUTION 
MEDIA,  PA.,  1898 


A  RECORD  OF  STUDY 


IN 


ABORIGINAL  AMERICAN  LANGUAGES 


BY 


DANIEL   G.  BRINTON,  A.M.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Sc.D., 

Professor  of  American  Archeology  and  Linguistics  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania 


PRINTED  FOR  PRIVATE  DISTRIBUTION 
MEDIA,  PA.,  1898 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


GIFT 


PREFATORY. 

If  this  review  of  my  own  work  in  the  field  of  American  Lin- 
guistics requires  an  apology,  I  may  say  that  the  preparation  of  it 
was  suggested  to  me  by  my  late  friend,  Mr.  James  Constantine 
Pilling,  whose  admirable  volumes  on  the  bibliography  of  Ameri- 
can Aboriginal  Languages  are  familiar  to  all  students.  He  had 
experienced  the  difficulty  of  cataloguing  the  articles  of  writers 
whose  contributions  extend  over  many  years,  and  have  been  pub- 
lished in  different  journals,  proceedings  of  societies  and  volumes, 
and  was  impressed  with  the  advantage  of  an  analytical  list  com- 
posed by  the  author  himself. 

With  this  in  view,  I  have  arranged  the  present  survey  of  my 
writings  in  this  branch  of  science,  extending  over  a  period  of 
two  score  years.  They  are  grouped  geographically,  and  suffi- 
cient reference  to  their  contents  subjoined  to  indicate  their  aims 

and  conclusions. 

D.  G.  BRINTON. 

MEDIA,  PENNA.,  November,  1898. 


M618000 


I.  GENERAL  ARTICLES  AND  WORKS. 

1.  The  Philosophic  Grammar  of  American  Languages  as  set  forth  by 
Wilhelm  von  Humboldt ;  with  the  translation  of  an  unpublished  Memoir 
by  him  on  the  American  Verb.     pp.  51.     In  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  1885. 

2.  On  Polysynthesis  and  Incorporation  as  characteristics  of  American 
Languages,     pp.  41.     In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, 1885. 

3.  Characteristics  of  American  Languages.     American   Antiquarian, 
January,  1894. 

4.  On  certain  morphologic  traits  in  American  Languages.     American 
Antiquarian,  October,  1894. 

5.  On  various  supposed  relations  between  the  American  and  Asiatic 
Races.     Memoirs  of  the  International  Congress  of  Anthropology,  1893. 

6.  The  Present  Status  of  American  Linguistics.     Memoirs  of  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Anthropology,  1893. 

7.  American  Languages  and  why  we  should  Study  them.     An  address 
delivered  before  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,     pp.  23.     In  Penn- 
sylvania Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  1885. 

8.  The  Rate  of  Change  in  American  Languages.     In  Science,  Vol.  X., 
1887. 

9.  Traits  of  Primitive  Speech,   illustrated  from  American  languages. 
In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
ence, August,  1888. 

10.  The  Language  of  Palaeolithic  Man.     pp.  14.     In  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  October,  1888. 

11.  The  American  Race  :  A  Linguistic  Classification  and  Ethnographic 
Description  of  the  Native  Tribes  of  North  and  South  America,     pp.  392. 
New  York,  1891. 

12.  The  Standard  Dictionary  (Indian  Words  in).     New  York,  1894. 

13.  Aboriginal  American   Authors   and   their   Productions,   especially 
those  in  the  Native  Languages,     pp.  63.     Philadelphia,  1883. 

14.  American   Aboriginal   Poetry.      pp.    21.      In  Proceedings  of    the 
Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Philadelphia,  1883. 

15.  The  Conception  of  Love  in  some  American  Languages,     pp.   18. 
In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  November,  1886. 

The  earlier  numbers,  (1-4,)  in  the  above  list  are  occupied  with 
the  inquiry  whether  the  native  American  languages,  as  a  group, 
have  peculiar  morphological  traits,  which  justify  their  classifica- 
tion as  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  human  speech.  In  this 


question,  I  have  been  a  disciple  of  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  and 
Professor  H.  Steinthal,  and  have  argued  that  the  phenomenon 
of  Incorporation,  in  some  of  its  forms,  is  markedly  present  in  the 
vast  majority,  if  not  in  all,  American  tongues.  That  which  has 
been  called  "  polysynthesis  "  is  one  of  these  forms.  This  is 
nothing  more  than  a  familiar,  nigh  universal,  grammatic  process 
carried  to  an  extreme  degree.  It  is  the  dvanda  of  the  Sanscrit 
grammarians,  an  excellent  study  of  which  has  recently  appeared 
from  the  pen  of  Dr.  H.  C.  Mil  Her.1  In  its  higher  forms  Incor- 
poration subordinates  the  nominal  concepts  of  the  phrase  to  those 
of  time  and  relation,  which  are  essentially  verbal,  and  this  often 
where  the  true  verbal  concept,  that  of  abstract  action,  is  lacking, 
and  the  verb  itself  is  in  reality  a  noun  in  the  possessive  relation. 

Even  extremely  simple  American  languages,  such  as  the 
Zoque,  display  the  tendency  to  energetic  synthesis  ;3  while  many 
of  them  carry  the  incorporative  quality  to  such  a  degree  that  the 
sentence  becomes  one  word,  a  good  example  of  which  is  the  Mic- 
mac.4  Some  American  and  French  writers  have  misunderstood 
the  nature  of  this  trait,  and  have  denied  it ;  but  the  student  who 
acquaints  himself  thoroughly  with  the  authors  above  mentioned, 
will  not  be  misled.5 

The  MS.  of  the  Memoir  by  W.  von  Humboldt  I  obtained 
from  the  Berlin  Library.  Even  Professor  Steinthal,  in  his  edi- 
tion of  Humboldt' s  linguistic  Works,  had  overlooked  it.  It  is  a 
highly  philosophic  analysis  of  the  verb,  as  it  occurs  in  the  lan- 
guages of  the  following  tribes:  Abipones,  Achaguas,  Betoyas, 
Caribs,  Huastecas,  Lules,  Maipures,  Mayas,  Mbayas,  Mexicans 

1  Beitrdge  zur  Lehre  der  Wortzusammensetzung.     Leiden.     1896. 

2  In  this  connection  I  would  refer  students  to  an  instructive  passage  of 
Heinrich   Wrinkler    on    "  Die    Hauptformen     in    den    Amerikanischen 
Sprachen,"   in  his  work  Zur  Sprachgeschichte  (Berlin,  1887)  and  to  his 
essay  on  the  Pokonchi  Language  in  his  Weiteres  zur  Sprachgeschichte, 
(Berlin,  1889). 

3  See  my  remarks  on  this  tongue  in  the  American  Anthropologist,  Au- 
gust, 1898,  p.  251. 

4  Interesting  examples  in  the  Preface  to  S.  T.  Rand's  Micmac  Diction- 
ary (Halifax,  1888). 

5  Notably  with  Steinthal's  Charakteristik  des    hauptsdchlichsten  Typen 
des  Sprachbaues. 


(Nahuas),  Mixtecas,  Mocovis,  Omaguas,  Otomis,  Tamanacas, 
Totonacos,  Tupis,  Yaruros. 

In  (5)  I  have  examined  the  various  alleged  affiliations  between 
American  and  Asiatic  tongues,  and  showed  they  are  wholly 
unfounded. 

In  (7)  I  have  entered  a  plea  for  more  attention  to  American 
languages.  Not  only  for  ethnographic  purposes  are  they  useful, 
but  their  primitive  aspects  and  methods  of  presenting  ideas  enable 
us  to  solve  psychological  and  grammatic  problems  more  com- 
pletely than  other  tongues. 

In  support  of  this,  in  (9)  and  (10),  I  endeavor  to  outline  what 
must  have  been  the  morphology  of  the  language  which  man 
spoke  when  in  the  very  beginning  of  his  existence  as  man ;  a 
speech  of  marvelous  simplicity,  but  adapted  to  his  wants. 

The  volume,  of  nearly  four  hundred  pages,  entitled  The  Am- 
erican Race  (No.  1 1 )  was  the  first  attempt  at  a  systematic  clas- 
sification of  all  the  tribes  of  America,  North,  Central  and 
South,  on  the  basis  of  language.  It  defines  seventy-nine  linguis- 
tic stocks  in  North  America  and  sixty-one  in  South  America. 
The  number  of  tribes  named  and  referred  to  these  stocks  is  nearly 
sixteen  hundred.  Several  of  these  stocks  are  defined  for  the 
first  time,  such  as  the  Tequistlatecan  of  Mexico,  the  Matagalpan 
of  Central  America,  and  in  South  America  the  Timote,  the 
Paniquita,  the  Cocanuca,  the  Mocoa,  the  Betoya,  the  Lamuca, 
etc. 

In  the  article  (8)  I  show  that,  contrary  to  an  oft  expressed 
opinion,  the  rate  of  change  in  these  unwritten  tongues  is  remark- 
ably slow,  not  greater  than  in  cultivated  languages. 

When  the  publishers  of  the  Standard  Dictionary  (New 
York,  1895)  were  preparing  that  well-known  work,  they  placed 
in  my  hands  all  the  words  in  the  English  language  derived  from 
the  native  tongues  of  America.  Although  the  etymology  of  some 
of  them  remains  obscure,  I  believe  the  derivation  of  all  positively 
traced  will  be  found  presented. 

I  early  became  convinced  that  the  translations  of  books  of  de- 
votion, etc.,  into  the  native  tongues  gave  no  correct  impression 
of  those  tongues.  The  ideas  conveyed  were  foreign  to  the  prim- 
itive mind,  and  the  translations  were  generally  by  foreigners  who 


had  not  completely  mastered  the  idioms.  Hence,  the  only  true 
reflex  of  a  language  is  in  the  words  and  thoughts  of  the  native^ 
themselves,  in  their  indigenous  literature. 

This  led  me  to  project  the  publication  of  a  series  of  volumes 
containing  writings,  preferably  on  secular  subjects,  by  natives  in 
their  own  languages.  That  there  is  such  a  literature  I  undertook 
to  show  in  (13)  and  (14).  The  former  was  the  expansion  of  a 
paper  presented  to  the  International  Congress  of  Americanists 
at  Copenhagen.  It  contains  a  list  of  native  American  authors 
and  notices  of  a  number  of  their  works  composed  in  their  own 
tongues.  That  on  "aboriginal  poetry"  vindicates  for  native 
American  bards  a  respectable  position  among  lyric  and  dramatic 
composers. 

That  some  of  the  central  subjects  of  poetic  literature — the 
emotions  of  love  and  friendship — exist,  and  often  in  no  low 
form  of  sentiment,  among  these  natives,  I  have  undertaken  to 
show  by  an  analysis  of  a  number  of  terms  expressing  these  feel- 
ings in  five  leading  American  linguistic  stocks,  the  Algonkin, 
Nahuatl,  Maya,  Quechua  and  Tupi  (No.  15). 

Following  out  this  plan,  I  began  in  1882  the  publication  of 
"  The  Library  of  Aboriginal  American  Literature."  Each  vol- 
ume was  to  contain  a  work  composed  in  a  native  tongue  by  a 
native ;  but  those  based  upon  foreign  inspiration,  such  as  ser- 
mons, etc.,  were  to  be  excluded.  Each  was  to  be  translated  and 
edited  with  sufficient  completeness  to  make  it  available  for  the 
general  student. 

Of  this  "Library"  eight  volumes  were  issued,  the  first  in 
1882,  the  eighth  in  1890,  when  I  ceased  the  publication,  not 
from  lack  of  material,  but  because  I  had  retired  in  1887  from 
my  connection  with  the  publishing  business  and  became  more 
engaged  in  general  anthropological  pursuits. 

The  "  Library,"  as  issued,  contains  the  following  numbers: 

No.  I.  The  Chronicles  of  the  Mayas.  Edited  by  Daniel  G. 
Brinton,  M.D.  279  pages.  1882. 

This  volume  contains  five  brief  chronicles  in  the  Maya  language, 
written  shortly  after  the  conquest,  and  carrying  the  history  of  that 
people  back  many  centuries.  To  these  is  added  a  history  of  the 
conquest,  written  in  his  native  tongue,  by  a  Maya  chief,  in  1562. 
This  interesting  account  has  been  published  separately,  with  an  ex- 


cellent  grammatical  and  lexical  analysis  by  the  Count  de  Charencey, 
under  the  title  Chrestomathie  Maya,  cTapres  la  Chronique  de  Ckac- 
Xulub-Chen  (Paris,  1891).  The  texts  are  preceded  by  an  introduc- 
tion on  the  history  of  the  Mayas,  their  language,  calendar,  numer- 
ical system,  etc. ;  and  a  vocabulary  is  added  at  the  close. 

No.  II.    The    Iroquois   Book  of   Rites.     Edited  by   Horatio 
Hale.     222  pages.      1883. 

This  work  contains,  in  the  Mohawk  and  Onondaga  languages,  the 
speeches,  songs  and  rituals  with  which  a  deceased  chief  was  la- 
mented and  his  successor  installed  in  office.  The  introduction 
treats  of  the  ethnology  and  history  of  the  Huron-Iroquois.  A  map, 
notes  and  glossary  complete  the  work. 

No.    III.     The    Comedy-Ballet    of    Giieguence.      Edited   by 
Daniel  G.  Brinton,  M.D.     146  pages.     1883. 

A  curious  and  unique  specimen  of  the  native  comic  dances,  with  dia- 
logues, called  bailes,  formerly  common  in  Central  America.  It  is 
in  the  mixed  Nahuatl-Spanish  jargon  of  Nicaragua,  and  shows  dis- 
tinctive features  of  native  authorship.  The  introduction  treats  of 
the  ethnology  of  Nicaragua,  and  the  local  dialects,  musical  instru- 
ments and  dramatic  representations.  A  map  and  a  number  of  il- 
lustrations are  added. 

No.  IV.  A  Migration  Legend  of  the  Creek  Indians.     Edited 
by  A.  S. 'Gatschet.     251  pages.     1884. 

Offers  a  survey  of  the  ethnology  of  the  native  tribes  of  the  Gulf 
States.  The  legend  told  to  Governor  Oglethorpe,  in  1732,  by  the 
Creeks,  is  given  in  the  original. 

No.  V.   The  Lenape"  and  Their  Legends.     Edited  by  Daniel 
G.  Brinton,  M.D.     262  pages.      1885. 

Contains  the  complete  text  and  symbols,  184  in  number,  of  the 
"  Walum  Olum,"  or  "  Red  Score,"  of  the  Delaware  Indians,  with 
the  full  original  text,  and  a  new  translation,  notes  and  vocabulary. 
A  lengthy  introduction  treats  of  the  Lenape'  or  Delawares,  their 
history,  customs,  myths,  language,  etc.,  with  numerous  references 
to  other  tribes  of  the  great  Algonkin  stock. 

No.  VI.  The  Annals  of  the  Cakchiquels.     Edited  by  Daniel 
G,  Brinton,  M.D.     234  pages.     1885. 

The  original  text,  written  about  1562,  by  a  member  of  the  reigning 
family,  with  a  translation,  introduction,  notes  and  vocabulary. 
This  may  be  considered  one  of  the  most  important  historical  doc- 
uments relating  to  the  pre-Columbian  period. 


10 

No.  VII.  Ancient  Nahuatl  Poetry.  Edited  by  Daniel  G. 
Brinton,  M.D.  176  pages.  1890. 

In  this  volume  twenty-seven  songs  in  the  original  Nahuatl  are  pre- 
sented, with  translation,  notes,  vocabulary,  etc.  Many  of  them 
date  from  before  the  conquest  and  none  later  than  the  sixteenth 
century.  The  introduction  describes  the  ancient  poetry  of  the  Na- 
huas  in  all  its  bearings. 

No.  VIII.  Rig  Veda  Americanus.  Edited  by  Daniel  G. 
Brinton,  M.D.  95  pages.  1890. 

Presents  the  original  text  with  a  gloss  in  Nahuatl  of  twenty  sacred 
chants  of  the  ancient  Mexicans.  They  are  preserved  in  the  Mad- 
rid MSS.  of  Father  Sahagun,  and  date  anterior  to  the  Conquest. 
A  paraphrase,  notes  and  a  vocabulary  are  added,  and  a  number  of 
curious  illustrations  are  reproduced  from  the  original. 

The  edition  of  each  of  these  was  about  400  copies,  except 
No.  II.,  of  which  900  were  printed.  A  complete  set  is  now 
difficult  to  obtain. 

II.  NORTH  AMERICAN  LANGUAGES  NORTH  OF  MEXICO. 

16.  Lenapd-English   Dictionary.     From   an   anonymous   MS.    in    the 
archives  of  the  Moravian  Church  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  with  additions,  by 
Daniel  G.  Brinton  and  Rev.  Albert  Seqaqkind  Anthony.     4to,  pp.  326. 
Philadelphia,  1888.     Published  by  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

17.  The  Lenap^  and  their  Legends ;  with  the  complete  Text  and  Sym- 
bols of  the  Walum  Olum,  a  new  Translation  and   an  Inquiry  into  its 
Authenticity,     pp.  262.     Illustrated.     Philadelphia,  1885. 

18.  Lenape"  Conversations.     In  American  Journal  of  Folk-Lore,  Vol.  I. 

19.  The   Shawnees   and    their   Migrations.      In   American  Historical 
Magazine,  January,  1866. 

20.  The  Chief  God  of  the  Algonkins,  in  his  Character  as  a  Cheat  and 
Liar.     In  the  American  Antiquarian,  May,  1885. 

21.  On  certain  supposed  Nanticoke  words  shown  to  be  of  African  origin. 
American  Antiquarian,  1887. 

22.  Vocabulary  of  the  Nanticoke  dialect.    Proceedings  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  November,  1893. 

23.  The  Natchez  of  Louisiana,  an  Offshoot  of  the  Civilized  Nations  of 
Central  America.     In  the  Historical  Magazine  (New  York),  for  January, 
1867. 

24.  On  the  Language  of  the  Natchez.     In  Proceedings  of  the  Ameri- 
can Philosophical  Society,  December,  1873. 

25.  Grammar  of  the  Choctaw  Language.     By  the  Rev.  Cyrus  Bying- 
ton.     Edited  from  the  original  MS.  by  D.  G.  Brinton.     pp.  56.     In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  1870. 


1 1 

26.  Contributions  to  a  Grammer  of  the  Muskokee  Language.     In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  March,  1870. 

27.  The  Floridian  Peninsula,  its  Literary  History,  Indian  Tribes,  and 
Antiquities.     8vo,  cloth,  pp.  202.     Philadelphia,  1859. 

28.  The  Taensa  Grammar  and  Dictionary.     A  deception  exposed.     In 
American  Antiquarian,  March,  1885. 

29.  The  Taensa   Grammar   and   Dictionary.      A   reply  to  M.  Lucien 
Adam.     In  American  Antiquarian,  September,  1885. 

Within  the  area  of  the  United  States,  my  articles  have  been 
confined  practically  to  two  groups,  the  Algonkian  dialects  and 
those  spoken  in  Florida  and  the  Gulf  States. 

The  Delaware  Indians  or  Lenni  Lenape",  who  occupied  the  val- 
ley of  the  Delaware  River  and  the  land  east  of  it  to  the  ocean,  al- 
though long  in  peaceful  association  with  the  white  settlers,  were 
never  studied,  linguistically,  except  by  the  Moravian  mission- 
aries, in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  In  examining 
the  MSS.  in  the  Moravian  Church  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  I  discovered 
a  MS.  dictionary  of  their  tongue,  containing  about  4,300  words. 
This  I  had  carefully  copied,  and  induced  a  native  Delaware,  an 
educated  clergyman  of  the  English  Church,  the  Rev.  Albert 
Seqaqkind  Anthony,  to  pass  a  fortnight  at  my  house,  going  over 
it  with  me,  word  by  word.  The  MS.  thus  revised,  was  published 
by  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  as  the  first  number  of 
its  u  Student  Series."  Various  interesting  items  illustrating  the 
beliefs  and  customs  of  the  Delawares  of  the  present  day,  commu- 
nicated to  me  by  Mr.  Anthony,  I  collected  into  the  article  (18), 
"  Lenape"  Conversations." 

A  few  years  previous  I  had  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  singular 
MS.  referred  to  by  C.  S.  Rafinesque,  in  1836,  as  the  "  Painted 
Record  "  of  the  Delaware  Indians,  the  Walum  Olum,  properly, 
u  painted"  or  "red"  "score."  This  I  reproduced  in  No.  17, 
with  the  accessories  mentioned  above  (p.  9).  There  is  no 
doubt  of  the  general  authenticity  of  this  record.  A  corroboration 
of  it  was  sent  me  in  March  of  this  year  (1898)  by  Dr.  A.  S. 
Gatschet,  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  He  writes : 

"  When  the  Delaware  delegate,  Johnnycake,  was  here  for  the 
last  time,  he  told  Mr.  J.  B.  N.  Hewitt  (also  attached  to  the  Bu- 
reau) that  some  of  the  Lenape  Indians,  near  Nowata,  Cherokee 
Nation,  had  seen  your  publication  on  the  Walum  Olum.  They 


12 

belong  to  the  oldest  men  of  that  tribe,  and  stated  that  the  text 
was  all  right,  and  that  they  remembered  the  songs  from  their 
youth.  They  could  give  many  additions,  and  said  that  a  few 
passages  were  in  the  wrong  order  and  had  to  be  placed  elsewhere 
to  give  them  the  full  meaning  they  were  intended  to  convey." 

This  was  cheering  confirmation  to  me  that  my  labor  had  not 
been  expended  on  a  fantastic  composition  of  Rafinesque's,  as 
some  have  been  inclined  to  think. 

Some  years  ago  I  contemplated  the  publication  of  a  work 
through  the  American  Folklore  Society  on  Algonquian  Mythol- 
ogy. Various  reasons  led  me  to  lay  it  aside.  Part  of  the  ma- 
terial was  introduced  into  my  works  on  the  general  mythology  of 
the  American  tribes,1  and  one  fragment  appeared  in  (20)  in 
which  I  offered  a  psychological  explanation  of  the  character  of 
the  hero  god  Gluscap,  so  prominent  in  the  legends  of  the  Mic- 
macs  and  Abenakis.  At  that  time  I  was  not  acquainted  with 
the  ingenious  suggestions  on  the  etymology  of  the  name  subse- 
quently advocated  by  the  native  author,  Joseph  Nicolar.2 

The  Nanticokes  lived  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 
In  collecting  their  vocabularies  I  found  one  alleged  to  have  been 
obtained  from  them,  but  differing  completely  from  the  Algon- 
quian dialects.  It  had  been  partly  printed  by  Dr.  Benjamin 
Smith  Barton,8  but  remained  a  puzzle.  My  article  (21)  proves 
that  it  belongs  to  the  Mandingo  language  of  western  Africa.  It 
was  doubtless  obtained  from  some  negro  slave. 

The  Nanticoke  vocabulary  (22)  was  secured  in  1792  for  Mr. 
Thomas  Jefferson.  I  give  the  related  terms  in  the  other  dialects 
of  the  stock. 

The  Natchez  are  an  interesting  people  of  whose  rites  we  have 
strange  accounts  from  the  early  French  explorers.  Their  language 
is  a  small  stock  by  itself.  At  one  time  I  thought  it  related  to 
the  Maya  (23)  ;  but  this  is  probably  an  error.  In  (24)  I  printed 
a  vocabulary  of  words  obtained  for  me  from  a  native,  together 
with  some  slight  grammatical  material. 

1  The  Myths  of  the  New  World  (third  edition,  1896)  ;  American  Hero 
Myths  (1881). 

2  Life  and  Traditions  of  the  Red  Man  (Bangor,  1893). 

.  zNeiv  Views  of  the  Origin  of  the  Tribes  of  America  (Philadelphia, 
1798). 


13 

The  Taensas  were  a  branch  of  the  Natchez,  speaking  the  same 
tongue;  but  -in  1881,  J.  Parisot  presented  an  article  of  half  a 
dozen  pages  to  the  International  Congress  of  Americanists  on 
what  he  called  the  "  Hastri  or  Taensa  Language,"  totally  differ- 
ent from  the  Natchez.1  Subsequently  this  was  expanded  to  a 
volume,  and  appeared  as  Tome  IX.  of  the  Bibliotheque  Lin- 
guistique  Americaine  (Maisonneuve  et  Cie,  Paris)  introduced 
by  the  well-known  scholars  Lucien  Adam  and  Albert  S.  Gat- 
schet. 

It  passed  unchallenged  until  1885,  when  I  proved  conclusively 
that  the  whole  was  a  forgery  of  some  young  seminarists,  and  had 
been  palmed  off  on  these  unsuspecting  scientists  out  of  a  pleasure 
in  mystification  (28).  As  I  have  given  the  details  elsewhere,  I 
shall  not  repeat  them.8 

The  works  of  Pareja  in  the  Timuquana  tongue  of  Florida 
were  unknown  to  linguists  when,  in  1859,  ^  published  the  little 
volume  (27).  In  it,  however,  I  called  attention  to  them,  and 
from  the  scanty  references  in  Hervas  expressed  the  opinion  that 
it  might  be  related  to  the  Carib.  This  was  an  error,  as  no  such 
affinity  appears  on  the  fuller  examination  of  the  tongue  now  pos- 
sible, since  Pareja's  grammar  has  been  republished,3  and  texts  of 
the  Timuquana  have  been  reproduced  by  Buckingham  Smith.* 
The  language  stands  alone,  an  independent  stock. 

III.  MEXICAN  AND  CENTRAL  AMERICAN  LANGUAGES. 

30.  The  Native  Calendar  of  Central  America  and  Mexico.     In  Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  November,  1893. 

31.  The  Lineal  Measures  of  the  Semi-civilized  Nations  of  Mexico  and 
Central  America.     In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
January,  1885. 

32.  On  the  Chontallis  and  Popolucas.     In  the  Compte  Rendu  du  Con- 
gres  des  Americanistes,  1890. 

33.  The    Study  of   the   Nahuatl   Language.     In   the  American    Anti- 
quarian, January,  1886. 

1  Actas  del  Congreso    Internacional  de  Americanistas,  Tom.  II.,  pp, 


2  See  the  article  "The  Curious  Hoax  of  the  Taensa  Language,"  in  m> 
Essays  of  an  Americanist,  pp.  452-467.     (Philadelphia,  1890.) 

3  In  Tome  XI.,  of  the  Bibliotheque  Linguistique  Americaine. 

4  Privately  printed,  1867. 


14     . 

34-  The  Written  Language  of  the  Ancient  Mexicans.     In  Transactions 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  1889. 

35.  The  ancient  phonetic  alphabet  of  Yucatan.    In  American  Historical 
Magazine,  1870. 

36.  The  Graphic  System  and  ancient  Records  of  the  Mayas.     In  Con- 
tributions to  American  Ethnology,  Vol.  V.,  Washington,  1882. 

37.  The  Phonetic  Elements  in  the  Graphic  Systems  of  the  Mayas  and 
Mexicans.     In  American  Antiquarian,  November,  1886. 

38.  On  the  "  Ikonomatic  "  Method  of  Phonetic  Writing.     In  Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  1886. 

39.  A  Primer  of  Mayan  Hieroglyphics,     pp.  152.     Boston,  1895. 

40.  What  the  Mayan  Inscriptions  tell  about.     In  American  Archaeolo- 
gist, 1894. 

41.  On  the  "  Stone  of  the  Giants"  near  Orizaba,  Mexico.     In  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Philadelphia,  1889. 

42.  On  the  Nahuatl  version  of  Sahagun's  Historia  de  la  Nueva  Espafia, 
at   Madrid.     In   the    Compte  Rendu   of   the   Congres  International   des 
Americanistes,  7eme  Session. 

43.  On  the  words  "Anahuac"  and  "Nahuatl."     In   American  Anti- 
quarian, November,  1893. 

44.  On  the  so-called  Alagiiilac  Language  of  Guatemala.     In  Proceed" 
ings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  November,  1887. 

45.  The  Guegiience ;  a  Comedy  Ballet  in  the  Nahuatl-Spanish  Dialect 
of  Nicaragua,     pp    94.     Philadelphia,  1883. 

46.  Ancient  Nahuatl  Poetry ;  Containing  the  Nahuatl  Text  of  Twenty- 
seven  Ancient  Mexican  Poems;  With  Translation,  Introduction,    Notes 
and  Vocabulary,     pp.  177.     1887. 

47.  Rig  Veda  Americanus.     Sacred  Songs  of  the  Ancient  Mexicans, 
with   a   Gloss   in   Nahuatl.     With   Paraphrase,   Notes   and   Vocabulary, 
pp.  95.     Illustrated.     Philadelphia,  1890. 

48.  A  notice  of  some  Manuscripts  of  Central  American  Languages. 
In  the  American  Jotirnal  of  Science  and  Arts  (New  Haven),  March,  1869. 

49.  The  Maya  Chronicles,     pp.  279.     Philadelphia,  1882. 

50.  The  Books  of  Chilan  Balam,  the  Prophetic  and  Historic  Records  of 
the  Mayas  of  Yucatan.     In  the  Penn  Monthly,  March,  1882. 

51.  The  Names  of  the  Gods  in  the  Kiche  Myths,     pp.  38.     In  Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  1881. 

52.  On  the  Chane-abal  (Four-Language)  Tribe  and  Dialect  of  Chiapas. 
In  the  American  Anthropologist,  January,  1888. 

53.  A  Grammar  of  the  Cakchiquel  Language  of  Guatemala.     Trans- 
lated from  an  Ancient  Spanish  MS.,  with  an  Introduction  and  numerous 
Additions,     pp.  67.     In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, 1884. 

54.  The  Annals  of  the  Cakchiquels.     The  Original  text,  with  a  Trans- 
lation,   Notes  and  Introduction,     pp.    234.     Illustrated.     Philadelphia, 
1885. 


15 

55-  On  some  Affinities  of  the  Otomi  and  Tinne  Stocks.  International 
Congress  of  Americanists,  1894. 

56.  Observations   on   the   Chinantec    Language   of    Mexico    and    the 
Mazatec  Language  and  its  Affinities.     In  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  1892. 

57.  Notes  on  the  Mangue  dialect.     In  Proceedings  of   the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  November,  1885. 

58.  On  the  Xinca  Indians  of  Guatemala.     In  Proceedings  of  the  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society,  October,  1884. 

59.  The  Ethnic  Affinities  of  the  Guetares  of  Costa  Rica.     In  Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  December,  1897. 

60.  On  the  Matagalpan  Linguistic  Stock  of  Central  America.    In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  December,  1895. 

61.  Some  Vocabularies  from  the  Mosquito  Coast.     In  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society,  March,  1891. 

The  Popol  Vuh,  or  "  sacred  book"  of  the  Quiches  of  Guate- 
mala was  published  by  the  Abbe  Brasseur  in  1861.  The  study 
(51)  is  an  effort  to  analyze  the  names  of  the  gods  which  it  con- 
tains and  to  extract  their  symbolic  significance. 

The  Chane-abal  dialect  of  Chiapas  (52)  is  a  mixed  jargon,  the 
component  elements  of  which  I  have  endeavored  to  set  forth 
from  MS.  material  collected  by  Dr.  Berendt. 

Another  language  of  Chiapas  is  the  "  Chapanecan."  In  (57  ) 
and  also  in  the  introduction  to  (45)  I  have  shown,  from  unpub- 
lished sources,  its  close  relationship  to  the  Mangue  of  Nicaragua. 

The  Mazatec  language  of  Oaxaca,  is  examined  for  the  first 
time  in  (56)  from  material  supplied  me  by  Mr.  A.  Pinart.  It  is 
shown  to  have  relations  with  the  Chapanecan  and  others  with 
Costa  Rican  tongues. 

The  article  on  the  Chinantec,  (56)  a  little-known  tongue  of 
Oaxaca,  is  an  analysis  of  its  forms  and  a  vocabulary  from  the 
Doctrina  of  Father  Barreda  and  notes  of  Dr.  Berendt. 

The  Cakchiquels  occupied  most  of  the  soil  of  Guatemala  at  the 
period  of  the  Conquest,  and  their  tongue  was  that  chosen  to  be 
the  "  Metropolitan  "  language  of  the  diocess.  In  (53)  I  gave  a 
translation  of  an  unpublished  grammar  of  it,  the  MS.  being  one 
in  the  archives  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society.  In  some 
respects  it  is  superior  to  the  grammar  of  Flores. 

The  higher  culture  of  the  tribes  of  Central  America  and  Mex- 
ico gives  a  special  interest  to  the  study  of  their  languages,  oral 


16     - 

and  written ;  for  with  some  of  them  we  find  moderately  well-de- 
veloped methods  of  recording  ideas. 

Much  of  this  culture  was  intimately  connected  with  their  as- 
trological methods  and  these  with  their  calendar.  This  remark- 
able artificial  computation  of  time,  based  on  the  relations  of  the 
numerals  13  and  20  applied  to  various  periods,  was  practically 
the  same  among  the  Mayas,  Nahuas,  Zapotecs,  Mixtecs,  Chap- 
anecs.  Otomis  and  Tarascos — seven  different  linguistic  stocks — 
and  unknown  elsewhere  on  the  globe.  The  study  of  it  (30)  is 
exclusively  from  its  linguistic  and  symbolic  side. 

It  is  strange  that  nowhere  in  North  America  was  any  measure 
of  weight  known  to  the  natives.  .  Their  lineal  measures  were 
drawn  chiefly  from  the  proportions  of  the  human  body.  They 
are  investigated  in  (31). 

Under  the  names  Chontalli  and  Popoluca,  both  Nahuatl  words 
indicating  "  foreigners,"  ethnographers  have  included  tribes  of 
wholly  diverse  lineage.  In  (32)  I  have  shown  that  some  are 
Tzentals,  others  Tequistlatecas,  Ulvas,  Mixes,  Zapotecs,  Na- 
huas, Lencas  and  Cakchiquels,  thus  doing  away  with  the  confu- 
sion introduced  by  these  inappropriate  ethnic  terms. 

No.  (33)  is  an  article  for  the  use  of  students  of  the  Nahuatl 
language,  mentioning  the  principal  grammars,  dictionaries  and 
text-books  which  are  available. 

The  numbers  (34),  (35),  (36),  (37),  (38),  (39),  (40)  and 
(41),  are  devoted  to  the  methods  of  writing  invented  by  the  cul- 
tured natives  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  in  order  to  preserve 
their  literature,  such  as  it  was.  The  methods  are  various,  that 
of  the  Nahuas  not  being  identical  with  that  of  the  Mayas.  The 
former  is  largely  phonetic,  but  in  a  peculiar  manner,  for  which 
I  have  proposed  the  term  of  "  ikonomatic,"  the  principle  being 
that  of  the  rebus.  That  this  method  can  be  successfully  applied 
to  the  decipherment  of  inscriptions  I  demonstrated  in  the  transla- 
tion of  one  which  is  quite  celebrated,  the  "  Stone  of  the  Giants" 
at  Orizaba,  Mexico  (41).  The  translation  I  proposed  has  been 
fully  accepted.1 

The  "  Primer  of  Mayan  Hieroglyphics"  (39)   was  intended 

1  See  Garrick  Mallery  in  loth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology, pp.  133,  sqq.  (Washington,  1893). 


17 

as  a  summary  of  what  had  been  achieved  up  to  that  time  (1895) 
by  students  in  this  branch.  It  endeavored,  moreover,  to  render 
to  each  student  the  credit  of  his  independent  work ;  and  as,  un- 
fortunately, some,  notably  in  Germany,  had  put  forward  as  their 
own  what  belonged  to  others  of  earlier  date,  the  book  naturally 
was  not  very  well  treated  by  such  reviewers.  Its  aim,  however, 
to  present  a  concise  and  fair  statement  of  what  had  been  accom- 
plished in  its  field  up  to  the  date  of  its  publication  was  generally 
conceded  to  have  been  attained. 

Much  of  the  considerable  manuscript  material  which  I  have 
accumulated  on  the  languages  of  this  section  of  the  continent 
was  obtained  from  the  collections  of  the  late  Dr.  Carl  Hermann 
Berendt  and  the  Abbe"  E.  C.  Brasseur  (de  Bourbourg). 

When  in  Spain,  in  1888,  I  found  in  the  Royal  Library  the 
MS.  of  the  earlier  portion  of  Sahagun's  "  History  of  New  Spain  " 
in  Nahuatl.  I  described  it  in  (42) . 

The  term  "  Anahuac"  has  long  been  applied  to  the  territory 
of  Mexico.  Dr.  E.  Seler,  of  Berlin,  published  an  article  assert- 
ing that  this  was  an  error,  and  devoid  of  native  authority.  In 
(43)  I  pointed  out  that  in  this  he  was  wrong,  as  early  Nahuatl 
records  use  it  in  this  sense. 

The  Alaguilac  language  of  Guatemala,  long  a  puzzle  to  lin 
guistics,  is  shown  in  (44)  to  be  an  isolated  dialect  of  the  Nahuatl. 

Nos.  (45),  (46),  (47),  (49)  and  (54),  have  been  already  men- 
tioned. 

The  term  Chilan  balam,  which  may  be  freely  rendered  u  the 
inspired  speaker,"  was  the  title  of  certain  priests  of  the  native 
Mayas.  Many  records  in  the  Maya  tongue,  written  after  the 
conquests,  go  by  the  name  of  "  the  Books  of  Chilan  Balam.'' 
They  have  never  been  published,  but  copies  of  them,  made  by 
Dr.  Berendt,  are  in  my  possession.  Their  purpose  and  contents 
were  described  in  (50). 

There  are  reasons  for  believing  that  previous  to  the  arrival  of 
the  Cakchiquels  in  Guatemala  its  area  was  largely  peopled  by 
Xincas.  Of  this  little-known  stock  I  present  in  (58)  three  ex- 
tended vocabularies,  from  unpublished  sources,  with  comments 
on  the  u  culture-words.'* 

Some  apparent  but  no  decisive  affinities  between  the  Otomi  of 


18 

Mexico  and  the  Tinne  or  Athapascan  dialects  are  shown  in  (55)  ; 
and  in  (59)  the  ancient  Guetares  of  Costa  Rica  are  proved,  on 
linguistic  evidence,  to  have  been  members  of  the  Talamancan 
linguistic  stock. 

The  Matagalpan  is  an  interesting  family,  first  defined  in  The 
American  Race,  and  in  (60)  more  fully  discussed,  as  they  sur- 
vive in  San  Salvador. 

In  (61)  some  unpublished  vocabularies  from  the  tribe  of  the 
Ramas,  on  the  Mosquito  coast,  place  them  as  members  of  the 
Changuina  stock,  most  of  whom  dwelt  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

IV.    SOUTH  AMERICAN  AND  ANTILLEAN  LANGUAGES. 

62.  Remarks  on  the  MS.  Arawack   Vocabulary  of   Schultz.     In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  1869. 

63.  The  Arawack  Language  of  Guiana  in  its  Linguistic  and  Ethnolog- 
ical Relations.     In  Transactions  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
1871. 

64.  Studies  in  South  American  Languages,     pp.  67.     In  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  1892. 

65.  Some  words  from  the  Andagueda  dialect  of  the  Choco  stock.     In 
Proceedings  of  American  Philosophical  Society,  November,  1897. 

66.  Vocabulary  of  the  Noanama  dialect  of  the  Choco  stock.     In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  November,  1896. 

67.  Note  on  the  Puquina  Language  of  Peru.     In  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  November,  1890. 

68.  Further   Notes   on    the   Betoya    dialects.     In   Proceedings   of    the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  October,  1892. 

69.  The  Linguistic  Cartography  of  the  Chaco  Region.     In  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  October,  1898. 

70.  Further  Notes   on    Fuegian    Languages.     In   Proceedings   of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  1892. 

71.  On  two  recent,  unclassified  Vocabularies  from  South  America.     In 
Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  October,  1898. 

The  library  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  contains  a 
MS.  copy  of  the  Arawack  vocabulary  of  the  missionary  Schultz, 
the  same  work,  apparently,  which  was  edited  from  another  copy 
by  M.  Lucien  Adam  in  1882.  A  study  of  this  MS.  led  me  to 
discover  the  identity  of  the  so-called  u  Lucayan  "  of  the  Bahamas, 
the  language  of  Cuba,  fragments  of  which  have  been  presented, 
and  the  "  Taino  "  of  Haiti,  with  the  Arawack.  They  had  previ- 


19 

ously  been  considered  either  of  Mayan  or  Caribbean  affinities. 
The  results  are  presented  in  (63). 

The  "  Studies"  in  (64)  are  ten  in  number.  No.  I.  is  on  the 
Tacana  language  and  its  dialects,  and  is  the  only  attempt,  up  to 
the  present  time,  to  determine  the  boundaries  and  character  of 
this  tongue.  Texts  and  a  vocabulary  in  five  of  its  dialects  are 
given.  No.  II.  is  on  the  Jivaro  or  Xebero  tongue,  and  is  en- 
tirely from  unpublished  sources.  A  grammatical  sketch,  texts 
and  a  vocabulary  give  a  moderately  complete  material  for  com- 
parison. No.  III.  presents  the  first  printed  account  of  the 
Cholona  language  on  the  River  Huallaga,  drawn  from  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum.  In  No.  IV.  is  a  discussion  of  the  rela- 
tions of  the  Leca  language  spoken  on  the  Rio  Mapiri.  No.  V. 
contains  a  text  of  some  length  in  the  Manao  dialect  of  the  Ara- 
wack  stock,  the  original  MS.  being  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  Bonaris  are  an  extinct  tribe  of  the  Carib  stock.  No.  VI. 
contains  the  only  vocabulary  which  has  been  preserved  of  their 
dialect.  On  a  loose  sheet  in  the  British  Museum,  among  papers 
on  Patagonia,  I  found  a  short  vocabulary  in  a  tongue  called 
"Hongote,"  which  I  could  not  locate  and  hence  published  it  in 
No.  VII.  It  subsequently  proved  to  be  one  of  the  North  Pacific 
Coast  languages.  The  same  "Study"  presents  a  comparative 
vocabulary  in  fourteen  Patagonian  dialects,  with  notes  (Tsoneca, 
Tehuelche,  Puelche,  Tekennika  (Yahgan),  Alikuluf,  etc.).  In 
Study  No.  VIII.  are  discussed  the  various  dialects  of  the  Kechua 
or  Quichua  tongue  of  Peru,  with  an  unpublished  text  from  the 
Pacasa  dialect.  No.  IX.  examines  the  affinities  which  have  been 
noted  between  the  languages  of  North  and  South  America,  es- 
pecially in  the  Mazatec  and  Costa  Rican  dialects  of  the  northern 
Continent.  Finally,  No.  X.  aims  to  define  for  the  first  time  the 
linguistic  stock  to  which  belong  the  dialects  of  the  Betoyas, 
Tucanos,  Zeonas  and  other  tribes  on  the  rivers  Napo,  Meta} 
Apure  and  their  confluents.  Further  information  on  this  stock 
is  given  in  (68). 

The  Choco  stock  extends  widely  over  the  northwest  angle  of 
the  southern  continent.  In  (65)  and  (66)  I  have  printed  short 
vocabularies  of  some  of  its  dialects  secured  for  me  from  living 
natives  by  Mr.  Henry  G.  Granger. 


20 

The  Puquina  language  of  Peru  was  quite  unknown  to  linguists 
when,  in  1890,  I  published  the  article  (67)  containing  material 
in  it  from  the  extremely  rare  work  of  Geronimo  de  Ore,  entitled 
Rituale  Peruanum  (Naples,  1607).  Since  then  an  extended 
essay  upon  it  has  been  written  by  M.  de  la  Grasserie. 

In  the  "  Further  Notes  on  the  Fuegian  Languages"  (70),  I 
have  printed  an  Alikuluf  vocabulary  of  1695,  with  comparisons, 
and  given  a  vocabulary  of  the  idiom  of  the  Onas,  pointing  out 
some  affinities  with  the  Yahgan. 

Few  linguistic  areas  on  the  continent  have  been  more  obscure 
than  that  called  "El  Gran  Chaco,"  in  northern  Argentina  and 
southern  Bolivia.  In  (69)  I  have  mapped  the  area  from  20°  to 
30°  south  latitude  and  56°  to  66°  west  longitude,  defining  the 
boundaries  of  each  of  the  seven  linguistic  stocks  which  occupied 
it,  to  wit,  the  Ennima,  Guaycuru,  Lule,  Mataco,  Quechua,  Sa- 
mucu  and  Tupi,  with  discussions  of  some  uncertain  dialects,  as 
the  Calchaqui,  Lengua,  Querandi,  Charua,  Payagua. 

In  (70)  recent  vocabularies  of  the  Andoa  and  Cataquina 
tongues  are  examined  and  their  linguistic  relations  discussed. 

Many  of  the  above  articles,  written  previous  to  1890,  were 
collected  by  me  in  that  year  and  published  in  a  volume  entitled 
"  Essays  of  an  Americanist"  (pp.  489.  Philadelphia).  For 
the  convenience  of  those  who  may  wish  to  refer  to  them  I  add 
here  a  complete  list  of  the  essays  which  it  contains. 

PART  I. — ETHNOLOGIC  AND  ARCH^EOLOGIC. — A  Review  of  the  Data 
for  the  Study  of  the  Prehistoric  Chronology  of  America.  On  Palaeoliths, 
American  and  others.  On  the  alleged  Mongolian  Affinities  of  the  Am- 
erican Race.  The  Probable  Nationality  of  the  Mound-Builders  of  the 
Ohio  Valley.  The  Toltecs  of  Mexico  and  their  Fabulous  Empire. 

PART  II. — MYTHOLOGY  AND  FOLK-LORE. — The  Sacred  Names  in  the 
Mythology  of  the  Quiches  of  Guatemala.  The  Hero-God  of  the  Algon- 
kins  as  a  Cheat  and  Liar.  The  Journey  of  the  Soul  in  Egyptian,  Aryan 
and  American  Mythology.  The  Sacred  Symbols  of  the  Cross,  the  Svastika 
and  the  Triqetrum  in  America.  The  Modern  Folk-lore  of  the  Natives  of 
Yucatan.  The  Folk-lore  of  the  Modern  Lenape*  Indians. 

PART  III. — GRAPHIC  SYSTEMS  AND  LITERATURE. — The  Phonetic  Ele- 
ments in  the  Hieroglyphs  of  the  Mayas  and  Mexicans.  The  Ikonomatic 
Method  of  Phonetic  Writing  used  by  the  Ancient  Mexicans.  The  Writ- 
ings and  Records  of  the  Ancient  Mayas  of  Yucatan.  The  Books  of  Chilan 


21 

Balam,  the  Sacred  Volume  of  the  Modern  Mayas.  Translation  of  the  In- 
scription on  "  The  Stone  of  The  Giants  "  at  Orizaba,  Mexico.  The  Poetry 
of  the  American  Indians,  with  Numerous  Examples. 

PART  IV. — LINGUISTIC. — American  Aboriginal  Languages,  and  why 
we  should  study  them.  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt's  Researches  in  American 
Languages.  Some  Characteristics  of  American  Languages.  The  Earli- 
est Form  of  Human  Speech,  as  Revealed  by  American  Languages.  The 
Conception  of  Love,  as  expressed  in  some  American  Languages.  The 
Lineal  Measures  of  the  Semi-Civilized  Nations  of  Mexico  and  Central 
America.  The  Curious  Hoax  about  the  Taensa  Language. 


INDEX. 


Abenakis,  12 

Abipones,  6 

Achaguas,  6 

Adam,  L.,  13, 18 

Alaguilac  language,  17 

Algonkin,  8,  u 

Algonquian  mythology,  12 

Alikuluf,  19,  20 

American  Authors,  Aboriginal,  8 

American  languages,  6 

American  Race,  the,  7 

Americanists,  Congress  of,  8 

"  Anahuac",  17 

Andagueda,  18 

Andoa,  20 

Anthony,  A.  S.,  n 

Antillean  languages,  18 

Arawack,  18,  19 

Asiatic  analogies,  7 

Bailes,  9 
Barton,  B.  S.,  12 
Berendt,  C.  H.,  15,  17 
Betoya,  6,  7,  19 
Bonaris,  19 

Brasseur,  E.  C.,  15  ,17 
Byington,  C.,  10 

Cakchiquels,  9,  16 
Calchaqui,  20 
Calendar,  native,  16 
Carib,  6,  13,  19 
Cataquina,  20 
Chaco,  el  Gran,  20 
Chane-abal  language,  15 
Changuina,  18 

Chapanecs,  15 

Charua,  20 

Chiapas,  15 

ChilanBalam,  17 

Chinantec,  15 


Choco,  19 

Choctaw  Grammar,  10 

Cholona,  19 

Chontallis,  16 

Cocanuca,  7 

Costa  Rica,  7,  18 

Creeks,  9 

Cuba,  language  of,  18 

Delaware,  9,  n 
Dvanda,  the,  6 

Ennima,  20 

Floridian  Peninsula,  13 
Fuegian  languages,  20 

Gatschet,  A.  S.,  9,  n,  13 
Gluscap,  12 
Gods,  names  of,  15 
Granger,  H.  G-,  19 
Grasserie,  R.,  20 
Guatemala,  15,  17 
Guaycuru,  20 
Guegiience,  9 
Guetares,  18 

Haiti,  language  of,  18 
Hale,  H.,9 

14  Hastri"  language,  13 
Hongote,  19 
Huasteca,  6 
Humboldt,  W.  von,  6 
Huron,  9 

"  Ikonomatic"  method,  the,  16 
Incorporation,  6 
^Troquois,  9 

Johnnycake,  n 
Jefferson,  T.,  12 
Jivaro,  19 


Kechua,  19 
Kiche  myths,  15 

Leca,  19 

Lenape",  9,  1 1 

Lenape*  Dictionary,  n 

Lenape*  Conversations,  n 

Lencas,  16 

Lengua,  20 

Library  of  Aborig.  Literature,  8 

Lineal  Measures  ,  16 

Love,  Conception  of,  8 

Lucayan,  18 

Lule,  6,  20 

Maipure,  6 

Manao,  19 

Mandingo  language,  12 

Mangue,  15 

Mata  co,  20 

Matagalpan,  7 

Maya,  6,  8,  16 

Mayan  Hieroglyphics,  16 

Mayan  Inscriptions,  14 

Mazatec,  19 

Mbaya,  6 

Measures,  lineal,  16 

Mexican,  6 

Micmacs,  6 

Mixes,  16 

Mixteca,  7,  16 

Mocoa,  7 

Mocovi,  7 

>hawk,  9 
forphology  of  Amer.  Langs. ,  6 

Mosquito  Coast 

Muller,  H.  C.,  6 

Muskokee  ,  n 

Mythology,  American,  12 

Myths  of  New  World,  12 

Nahuatl,  6,  8,  10 

Nahuatl-Spanish  jargon,  9 
^Nanticoke,  12 
^Natchez,  12 

Nicaragua,  15 

Nicolar,  J.,  12 

Noanama,  18 


Omagua,  7 
Onas,  20 
Onondaga,  9 
Ore,  G.  de,  20 
Otomi,  7.  16,  17 

Pacasa,  19 
Paniquita,  7 
Pareja,  F.,  13 
Payagua,  20 
Filling,;.  C.,  4 
Pinart,  A.,  15 
Poetry,  Aboriginal,  8 
Polysynthesis,  6 
Popolucas,  16 
Primitive  speech,  7 
Puelche,  19 
Puquina,  20 

Querandi,  20 
Quiche,  15 
Quechua,  8,  19,  20 

Rafinesque,  C.  S.,  n 
Ramas,  18 
Rand,  S.  F.,6 
Rate  of  change,  7 
Rebus  writing,  16 
Red  Score,  the,  9,  n 
Rig  Veda  Americanus,  10 

Sahagun,  10,  17 

Samucu,  20 

Schultz,  Rev.,  18 

4srhawnees,  19 

Smith,  B.,  13 

Standard  Dictionary,  the,  7 

Steinthal,  H.,  6 

"  Stone  of  the  Giants",  16 

Svastika,  the,  20 

Tacana,  19 
Taensa,  13 
Taino,  18 
Tajnanaca,  6 
Tarascos,  16 
Tehuelche,  19 
Teknnika,  19 


Tequistlatecan,  7 
Timote.,  7 
Timuquana,  13 
Tinne",  18 
Toltecs,  the,  20 
Totonaco,  6 
Triquetrum,  the,  20 
Tsoneca,  19 
Tucanos,  19 
Tupi,  6,  8,  20 
Tzental,  16 

Ulvas,  16 

Verb,  the  American,  6 


24 


Walum-Olum,  9,  11 
Winkler,  H.,  6 
Written  language,  16 

Xebero,  19 
Xinca,  17 

Yahgan,  19,  20 
Yaruro,  6 
Yucatan,  14 

Zapotecs,  16 
Zeonas,  19 
Zoque,  the,  6 


YC133526 


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